Digestion and Absorption Essays - Digestive System, Hepatology

Digestion and Absorption Essays - Digestive System, Hepatology Introduction The key issue in the digestion and absorption of fats is one of solubility. Lipids are hydrophobic, and thus are poorly soluble in the aqueous environment of the digestive tract. The digestive enzyme, lipase, is water soluble and can only work at the surface of fat globules. Digestion is greatly aided by emulsification, the breaking up of fat globules into much smaller emulsion droplets. Bile salts and phospholipids are amphipathic molecules that are present in the bile. Motility in the small intestine breaks fat globules apart into small droplets that are coated with bile salts and phospholipids, preventing the emulsion droplets from re-associating.The emulsion droplets are where digestion occurs. Emulsification greatly increases the surface area where water-soluble lipase can work to digest triacylglycerol. Lipase is a pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol or other alcohols. Lipase is primarily produced in the pancreas, but is also in th e mouth and stomach. Most people produce enough pancreatic lipase. But people with cystic fibrosis, Crohn's disease, and celiac disease may not have enough lipase to get the nutrition they need from food. Lipase is an enzyme which catalyzes the degradation of triglycerides. More generally known as Lipoprotein Lipase(LpL). This is a catabolic reaction. Lipases catalyse the breakdown of fats and oils into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine, with an equation of ; Fats (lipids) Fatty acid and glycerol. Lipase hydrolyses the fat in milk to fatty acids which react with sodium carbonate to lower the pH of the mixture. This pH change is observed by using phenolphthalein. Procedure (a) Firstly , label three test-tubes 1-3. (b) Next , using a pipette or syringe, place 5 ml milk in each tube. (c) Rinse the pipette and use it to place 7 ml dilute sodium carbonate solution in each tube. This solution is to make the mixture alkaline. (d) Rinse the pipette or syringe and use it to place 1 ml 3% bile salts solution in tubes 2 and 3 only. (e) Use a dropping pipette to add phenolphthalein solution to each tube until the contents are bright pink. About six drops will be sufficient and equal quantities should be added to each tube. Phenolphthalein is a pH indicator. In alkaline solutions (above pH10) it is pink; in 'acid' solutions (below pH 8.3) it is colourless. (f) In a spare test-tube, place about 15 mm of 5% lipase solution and, using a test-tube holder, heat the liquid over a small Bunsen flame until it boils for a few seconds. Cool the tube under the tap and, using the graduated pipette or syringe, transfer 1 ml of the boiled liquid to tube 2. (g) With the pipette or syringe, place 1 ml unboiled lipase solution in tubes 1 and 3. (h) Note the time. Shake the tubes to mix the contents, return them to the rack and copy the table below into your notebook, observing the tubes from time to time. (i) Note the time required for the contents of each tube to go white and then complete the table of results. Results Tube 1 (Lipase only): took 6 mins 42 secs to turn from pink to clear/white Tube 2 (Boiled Lipase, Bile salts): remained pink after 15 minutes Tube 3 (Lipase and bile salts): 2 mins and 11 secs Discussion The result obtained is different because all three test tubes are tested with different condition and materials. From the result function of bile salts is known and what will a boiled lipase will result. Test tube 1 shows the change in phenolphthalein after 4 minutes, where you used no bile. This is the time it takes for lipase to break down ordinary fats to fatty acids and glycerol (the production of the acids causes the colour change). Test tube 2 doesnt show any changes for 15 minutes due to boiled lipase which is used to show the denaturing effect of heat on enzymes (which are proteins). Heating the lipase destroyed its structure, which in turn prevents its action. This means that no fats are converted, even in the presence of bile but emulsification still occurred in this tube. Test tube 3 took 2 minutes plus to change colour because the

The Colorful History of Lipstick

The Colorful History of Lipstick Lipstick by definition is a cosmetic used to color lips, usually crayon-shaped and packaged in a tubular container. No individual inventor can be credited as the first to invent lipstick as it is an ancient invention, however, we can trace the history of the use of lipstick and credit individual inventors for creating certain formulas and methods of packaging. The First Lip Coloring The actual term lipstick wasnt first used until 1880, however, people were coloring their lips long before that date. Upper-class Mesopotamians applied crushed semi-precious jewels to their lips. Egyptians made a red dye for their lips from a combination of fucus-algin, iodine, and bromine mannite. Cleopatra was said to have used a mixture of crushed carmine beetles and ants to color her lips red. Many historians give credit to the ancient Arab cosmetologist, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi for inventing the first solid lipsticks, which he described in his writings as perfumed sticks rolled and pressed in special molds. Innovations in Lipstick Packaging Historians note that the first cosmetic lipstick manufactured commercially (rather than homemade products) occurred around 1884. Parisian perfumers had begun to sell lip cosmetics to their customers. By the late 1890s, the Sears Roebuck catalog started to advertise and sell both lip and cheek rouge. Early lip cosmetics were not packaged in their familiar tubes that we see used today. Lip cosmetics were then wrapped in silk paper, placed in paper tubes, used tinted papers, or sold in small pots. Two inventors can be credited with inventing what we know as the tube of lipstick and made lipstick a portable item for women to carry. In 1915, Maurice Levy of the Scovil Manufacturing Company invented the metal tube container for lipstick, which had a small lever at the side of the tube that lowered and raised the lipstick. Levy called his invention the Levy Tube.In 1923, James Bruce Mason Jr. of Nashville, Tennessee patented the first swivel-up tube. Since then the Patent Office has issued countless patents for lipstick dispensers. Innovations in Lipstick Formulas Believe it or not, the formulas for making lipstick used to consist of such things as pigment powders, crushed insects, butter, beeswax, and olive oil. These early formulas would only last for a few hours before going rancid and often had ill effects on ones health. In 1927, French Chemist, Paul Baudercroux invented a formula he called Rouge Baiser, considered to be the first kiss-proof lipstick. Ironically, Rouge Baiser was so good at remaining on ones lips that it was banned from the marketplace after being considered too hard to remove. Years later in 1950, chemist Helen Bishop invented a new version of long-lasting lipstick called No-Smear Lipstick that was very successful commercially. Another element of lipstick formulas effects is the lipsticks finish. Max Factor invented lip gloss in the 1930s. Like much of his other cosmetics, Max Factor first invented lip gloss to be used on movie actors, however, it was soon worn by regular consumers

HR Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

HR - Coursework Example Job designing is aimed at improving the progress of an organization, for example by reducing the operational costs of the organization and the training expenses (Arthur, 2004). Job designing improves all these through many strategies, which, are put in place by the administrative body of an organization. These strategies are; job enlargement, job enrichment, job rotation and extension of work time length. This is the process of assigning employees more than one task and of different provisions. This helps in lowering the degree of specialization among the employees and helps them to develop new skills due to their experiences in the jobs. This is where the employee is given some authority left on the hand of the administrative body of an organization. Though it helps in equipping the employee with some managerial skills, it has some disadvantages. The disadvantage is that the employee may be granted much power, which may lead to serious administrative drawbacks. Job rotation; this is where an employee is posted to different departments within an organization. This helps the employee to absorb knowledge to under those different departments and save the organization from the cost of training other employees and also reducing the cost of paying large number of works. This is where the length of the working time is increased in order to give workers ample duration to offer their services without any inconvenience due to lack of enough time. This also helps the workers to work at a reasonable pace with low supervision and still produce better turn out. This is where analysis is made on the most essential components of a job with an aim of reorganizing the job in order to improve its efficiency. According to Robertson and Smith (1985), there are different steps involved in job simplification. The steps are as follows: The fifth step involves attempting the job personally and caution should be taken in order to avoid

Competition Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Competition Law - Essay Example The important objectives of the practice of competition law are to ensure the entrepreneurs by providing the opportunity to compete in the market economy and protect the interest of the consumer welfare. This essay will discuss the purpose of competition law. Competition law is a law that focuses on the control of anti-competitive agreements, monopolies and mergers between organizations. This area of legal firmament also included cartels (LSE 1). Restrictive business practices can often lead to market failures. The failure in the market can be dealt by the competition law. There are several kinds of restrictive business practices that include abuse of dominance, cartelization, tie-in sales, predatory pricing, re-sale price maintenance etc. Before discussing the purpose of the competition law, it is vital to note the origin and history of the law. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, the competition law emerged. The competition law was first enacted in the United States. The Sherman Act of 1890 is the first Federal Statute. This act was enacted to tackle monopolies and oligopolistic cartels. In the wake of Industrial Revolution, the large trusts were formed. This act emerged against the predations and supremacy of the huge trusts. The three major elements of modern competition law are merger control, anti-competitive agreements and abuse of dominance. Other important United States legislations were Hart-Scott-Rodino Act, the Clayton Act, the Robison-Patman Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act. The proliferation of competition law has not been only in North America and Europe but also around the globe. After the enactment, competition law became one of the crucial pillars of a market economy. The main purpose of the law is to maintain market competition and improve economic efficiency. It can be regarded as the force that drives companies to improve their efficiency. After enhancing the efficiency, it drives companies to pass its

Uses of the Internet

Uses of the Internet INTRODUCTION For our current generation, the internet has nearly become a necessity with all of the luxuries it provides. Just about anyone can find at least one use for the internet. But what makes the internet so useful to us? Some people can hardly live without it! The following report will discuss the internets many uses: Communication, File Sharing, and Media. COMMUNICATION The internet is used primarily for communication; people of all ages take advantage of this. What makes internet communication so useful is its speed, and most of it is free. Internet communication varies, there are different methods and different ways to take advantage of your three senses; touch, sight, and hearing. ELECTRONIC MAIL. Electronic Mail, also known as e-mail, is similar to real mail, but instead of writing on stationary and sending them in envelopes, you can type up whatever message you want to send, and it will be sent immediately. You can also send e-mails on portable devices such as a phone, making emailing increasingly popular. Because of this, the post offices may struggle, however people still mail physical objects. However, you can attach files, such as your favorite music, pictures, text documents and more. But be careful when opening messages sent from an unknown user, viruses can also be attached to emails. INSTANT MESSAGING. Instant Messaging (IM) is very similar to e-mailing, and often may be confused for one another. Instead of sending a message and waiting for a reply, IMing is â€Å"real-time,† and you must log on to a Messenger to message other users who you have added to your buddy list. This is almost like chatting, except with typing, since you can immediately send and receive messages without waiting. Instant messaging can also be done on most mobile devices, and offers live webcam or calling on the computer. This is a free alternative to using a telephone, but requires a microphone for your computer. Files can also be transferred through IMing, just like e-mailing, you can also open up picture sharing in order to share pictures saved on your computer. Usually you dont have to worry about viruses if you add people to your messenger that you trust. There are 3 primary Messenger services, they are: †¢ AIM †¢ MSN Messenger †¢ Yahoo Messenger INTERNET FORUMS. Internet Forums or message boards are online discussion sites where a user signs up for an account and posts messages, usually concerning the theme of the forum. Internet Forums are good ways to meet new people via the internet, sometimes they may be all the way on the other side of the world! Forums are usually divided into different sections, which divide into different topics, which divide into different subtopics, which contain different threads concerning the theme of the subtopics. Here, people can post replies with their opinions on the threads. The creator of the forum will assign positions to the members of the forum, in most cases they come in these categories: 1. Administrator 2. Global Moderator 3. Section Moderator Moderators are the ones who enforce the rules of the forum and have the ability to ban members or take away privileges (global moderators having access to the whole forum, section moderators being limited to a section), and administrators who have power over the moderators. Administrators can sometimes even change the forum the same way the creator can, or assign moderator positions. There are also a few more privileges assigned to members by the founder: †¢ Graphic Artist †¢ Affiliate †¢ Members who contribute to the forum in some way †¢ Members who have access to restricted areas Anyone in the world has access to what you write on forums if theyre open to the public, so be careful about what you say. If you make negative comments for bad reasons, people may respond in a negative way as well. RESEARCH AND INFORMATION The internet is also commonly used to obtain information or used for research. With its speed and relevancy, most people would prefer to use the internet for research rather than doing it the old fashioned way by using books. Also, some information may not be recorded in books, or may not be easily found in books, so the internet would also be the better alternative. Some schools even require students to use computers for schoolwork and homework, which is also why some schools provide computer labs and computer classes to help students become more computer savvy in order to do this work. ONLINE ENCYCLOPEDIAS. Online encyclopedias are like regular encyclopedias, except information can be immediately found by typing in the key words to what you are looking for. Like normal encyclopedias, online encyclopedias contain many articles on many topics. Online enclyclopedias are constantly growing and being updated, due to more information being generated every day. Two popular forms of online encyclopedias are: †¢ Wikipedia †¢ Other Wikias WIKIPEDIA. Wikipedia is probably one of the most popular online encyclopedias. People viewing articles can sometimes make edits to the articles, or even add new articles. Sometimes articles require more information or cleaning up, and anyone can edit Wikipedia. This comes to the problem that the information on Wikipedia isnt always accurate, so most teachers at schools dont encourage students to use it for research. However, it can be used for research when researching a generic idea. OTHER WIKIAS. Wikias are free webhosting for wikis, where anyone can create their own wiki based on a specific topic, narrowing down the information in the articles. Wikias can be based on long-running TV series, Video games, Companies, anything that contains a large amount of imformation that can be well organized. ONLINE DICTIONARIES. Online dictionaries are like normal dictionaries, and a useful tool for students. Instead of having to flip through several pages of a dictionary to find the definition of a word, all you have to do is type in a word and it will immediately tell you its definition. There are also online thesauruses, Spanish-to-English and vice versa dictionaries, and much, much more. WEB SEARCH ENGINES. Search engines are tools designed to search for information on the web. There is usually a search bar for you to key in what youre looking for, then a page with a list of anything relevant to your search will pop up. You can narrow down your searches to images, files, websites, and more by using advanced search options. Searching on a search engine may even take you to an online dictionary or encyclopedia! Search engines will take you anywhere on the internet, and have the largest variety for finding information. There are many search engine sites, but some websites have a search bar in them that will take you to a search engine. A few popular search engines are: †¢ Google †¢ Yahoo Search †¢ MSN Search †¢ Bing.com (newest this year) MULTIMEDIA Multimedia is different from traditional hand-produced media, and is usually accessed via a computer device. â€Å"The term is used in contrast to media which only uses traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video, and interactivity content forms.† (Wikipedia.) Multimedia can be a useful way to display information or instructions, but can also be used for entertainment purposes. Although multimedia can be purchased or found on things such as disks in stores, it can also be obtained through the internet, which would be more preferable. HOSTING. Hosting is where you can upload multimedia and then have someone else download it to their computer. Basically, you submit a file (or multiple files) to hosts server, and is then hosted on the server where anyone on the web can download it for their own. Your file may even appear on a search engine if someone is looking for it. These are the different kinds of hosting: †¢ Image hosting †¢ Video Hosting †¢ File Hosting Most of the time, content will be removed from the hosting if it is too explicit or offensive. However, there are even some sites that are limited only to explicit or adult material. WEBCAMS. Webcams allow people to use live video. Two primary uses for webcams would be: †¢ Video Chatroom †¢ Video Chat Conference (messengers) Webcams can mainly be used in messengers, but are also used in online video chatrooms, which is also similar to chat conferences. There will be a window where several users can talk by typing text simultaneously, and one or more of those users will be visible through a webcam. These chatrooms are sometimes open to the public at all times, some require a password, and some require an invite, where chat conferences usually always require a invite (unless you make the room yourself.) WEBCASTS. Webcasting is pretty much broadcasting media over the internet. Webcasting involves streaming media technology, so the webcast will be broadcasted from one content source so that several people can listen and/or view the webcast simultaneously. Webcasts can involve video and audio, where podcasts only include audio, making them very similar to radios. Webcasts and Podcasts can also be downloaded, or viewed on video hosting websites. Obviously, these arent live broadcasts. FILE SHARING. File sharing is similar, in a way, to file hosting and transfering files on messengers. Originally, the only way to share files was with removable media (such as flashdrives, floppy disks etc.) But now there is a much more convenient way to download several files of any kind at once. This is how file sharing works; first you must download a program that allows you to have access to P2P (peer to peer) networking. When you download the program, it usually lets you browse through media shared by other users on their computers, and lets you download it. You can share any kind of files this way, making it a popular and convenient way to download. CONCLUSION The internet is one of the most useful tools we could have ever imagined. Even with all the things mentioned in this report, there are still other various uses, but this report did cover the basics that can be broken down into these specific things. Our society will probably never outgrow the internet; we will continue to find ways to advance it. Hopefully if you dont use the internet, or take it for granted, youll now be able to see its significance.

We Should be Grateful that Malaysia is a Peaceful Country

Honestly, I do not know whether to agree or disagree that Malaysians should be grateful that Malaysia is peaceful. I have doubts about the discussion title itself. Is Malaysia peaceful? That is the big question here.Personally, thinking back on our nation's problems, we have serious problems. Political problems, economical, social, financial, defense, safety, crime rates and etc. But then, compared to all the other countries in the world such as Syria, Pakistan, Iraq, Iran, Palestine, North Korea, Indonesia, Philippines, our country is actually way so much more peaceful. We are able to walk with freedom but of course with precaution. Women can study. The country's unemployment rate is not as high as other countries, the government providing financial help for the poor to reduce poverty but resulting in high living costs but still, not as high as other countries.Again, I am repeating that Malaysia is very peaceful. We have tourists visiting our country and tourist rates are constantly rising despite the major heat and the social problems. Our tourist destinations are heavenly getaways from tourists' hometowns. Malaysia is also considered one of the greenest countries in the world because of the forest reserves and mountiai ranges that the government hasn't has the heart to destroy seeing that it is considered a legacy.Malaysia has so many shopping malls that carry many couture brands until many visit Malaysia just to shop and explore the ever evolving country. Besides that, Malaysia has an open arm policy to all cultures in the world as long as it doesn't threaten the official religion which is Islam.Therefore, I conclude that Malaysia is a peaceful country despite it's problems. But then again, which country is a constant Utopia and doesn't have problems. We Malaysians should be grateful that we are Malaysians and that Malaysia is a peaceful country.

Ethics Scrapbook Paper - 1381 Words

As a team we were assigned the project of creating an ethical scrapbook, along with an accompanying paper. So the purpose of this paper is to expand on the information contained within our team scrapbook. More precisely we will be answering a set of four ethical questions, which we as a group have taken the time to sit down and discuss. Our first question and issue discussed deals with the subject Good Samaritan. As a team we had to decide should all jurisdictions have a Good Samaritan law requiring an individual to help another if they are able. With the exception of our dear sweet teammates Richard, this question was a definite no brainier for our team. Without thought or time wasted debating one another, we all agree (except†¦show more content†¦As a whole we feel that no, vigilantism should not be permitted when the criminal justice system fails. For the most part we feel this way because we think that individuals would use this as an excuse to take the law into their o wn hands. However we do all agree that there are certain situations when vigilantism seems justified. Take for example this story shared with us by our group member Tony: An 84 year old World War II veteran was a victim of two home invasions and was assaulted twice. The police who patrolled the area could not catch the neighborhood thugs. The 84 year old vet had had enough. The four neighborhood thugs broke in for a third time but the outcome was different. The neighborhood thugs were trapped in the house and the 84 year old vet shot all four, one thug died. The 84 year old vet was not charged by the prosecutors office. Quietly I cheered for the 84 year old vet (Potts, 2007, Personal Statement). Next we were asked, historically (in our opinion) has civil disobedience been effective in changing the law. Our teammate Nechelle had this to say, In my opinion civil disobedience has not been very effective in changing the law. I say this solely due to the fact that I cannot think of any laws that have been changed mainly due to someone that has violated that particular law (Holloway, 2007, Personal Statement). As for the rest of the group we all agree that yes, civil disobedience has beenShow MoreRelatedBusiness Plan For A New Company5096 Words   |  21 PagesIntroduction – Denise’s Scrapping with Style Draft Business Plan This paper will provide a draft business for a new company; Denise’s Scrapping with Style (DSS). First, this paper will revise the company description based on feedback received to date. Next, it will review the industry analysis and trends section base also on pointers received from other professionals. 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